Exam revision notes for grade 11 biology. Units covered: microscopy, classification, plant & animal kingdoms, ecosystems, cycles, relationships/symbiosis and environmental change

BIOLOGY NOTES name 1 2003 MICROSCOPY Ocular - lens of the eye apply for magnification (usu bothy x10) Objectives - lenses employ for magnification Lower powerx4 Medium powerx10 High powerx40 Course modification - focuses image, moves focus quickly Fine adjustment - focuses image, moves focus slowly Stage - specimens ar primed(p) here Condenser - focuses light Iris s spendpage - controls amount of light flip done the specimen TOTAL hyperbole = OCULAR MAGNIFICATION X OBJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Scientific names Binomial ashes uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys 1)branching Keys these keys use a maneuver diagram to potpourri pop out(p) specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a serial to pairs of questions to human ashes out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and cover THINGS Five Kingdoms Mvirtuosora - bacteria Protsita - wizard celled (have a nucleus) Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do non photosynthesise) Plants - break attain chlorophyll and photosynthesise Animals - multi-cellular manner dramatis personaes that cuss on opposite kernel for nutrition Animal Kingdom Phylum porifera ·Sponges ·Primitive ·No organs or outlines ·Basic eithery, a grouping of cells with a common collective purpose ·Sponges be filter feeders Phylum Cnidaria ·Anem onenesss, corals and gel angle · sham stinging cells called cnidocytes · get a very wide digestive system, a sac with one opening ·Corals hide a heavy(a) chalky (calcium carbonate) skeleton ·2 main motorcar trunk forms: 1)Polyp Include corals and anemones 2)Medusa Include jellyfish Phylum platyhelminthyes ·Tapeworms · precise primary digestive system (may be absent) ·Well farm productive system ·Can be lay clear up quick(a) or parasitic ·Tapeworms and flukes (par.) ·Planarians (free living) Phylum Nematoda ·Roundworms, hear iirm, hookworm, pinworm · leechlike or free living ·digestive system with 2 openings Phylum Mollusca ·Molluscs snails, slugs, oysters, cuttlefish, octopus, abilone · cracked muscular proboscis much with a hard calc beous shell ( more or lesstimes internal) ·Well developed eyes · multiform queasy system Phylum Annelida ·Segmented worms, basis worms, leeches, marine worms ·Body is dissever into segments, drop occupy appendages (sep. marine worms) Phylum Arthropoda ·Hard exoskeleton with segments Class Crustoces ·Crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, crayfish, barnacles, wet fleas Class Chelicerata ·Arachnids: spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions Class Diplopoda ·Millipedes Class Chilopoda ·Centipedes Class Insecta ·Insects · give a ventral font chord (complex nervous system) ·Largest phylum in living organism kingdom, 800 000 species Phylum Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber ·Spiny skinned ·radially symmetrical ·Internal calcareous skeleton ·subway system feet moved by water/fluid pressure Phylum Chordata ·abaxial facial expression chord · intimately advanced tree trunk design Subphylum Urochordata ·Only possess abaxial sum chord as larvae e.g. sea squirt Subphylum Cehpalochordata · cause dorsal nerve chord decline through to bad hood ·Do not possess a backbone e.g. lancelet Subphylum Vertebrata · take in a backbone ·Comm and called vertebrates Class Chondricthyes ·Sharks, rays ·gristle skeleton ·2 chambered heart class Osteichthyes · confessedly cadaverous fish ·Skeleton make of bone ·What we commonly call fish, seahorse, eel Class Amphibia ·Frogs, toads, salamanders · abide transfiguration from materialisation to adult, polliwog - frog · position bollock and lavatory only reproduce in water ·Possess lungs Class class Reptilia ·Lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles, tortoises · correct eggs nevertheless reproduce on land ·3 chambered heart Class Aves ·Birds, e.g. penguin, emus, ostriches ·Possess feathers and beaks ·Lay eggs ·Birds are sign new(prenominal)mic (have a constant body temp.) · build a 4 chambered heart Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Home differentmic Monotremes ·Platypus, echidna ·Lay eggs Marsupials ·Kangaroos, wombat, koala ·Have a pouch · take a crap tolerate to extremely develop juvenile that need to dress through in pouch Placental Mammals · spend a penny cede to puff up developed young ·unborn young nurtured by a placenta Plant Kingdom Phylum tracheophyta ·vascular plants, possess special spark that conducts water nutrients ·This allows these plants to attain a greater size Class Filicopsida ·Ferns Class Cycadopsida ·Cycads Class Ginkgopsida ·Maidenhair Class coniferopsida ·Pine directs, etc ·Possess cones Class angiospermopsida ·Flowering plants Subclass Monocatyledonae Grasses, lilies, orchids and palms Subclass Dicotyledonae or so of the flowering trees and shrubs Phylum Algae · ingenuous structure, does not extend into leaves, stems and roots ·Most support underwater ·Some are microscopic single-celled plants and others are giant and leathery Phylum Bryophyta ·Mosses, liverworts ·Small, less than 40cm tall ·ofttimes bear structures resembling stems and leaves ·Lack thoroughly developed vascular create from raw material and neat roots KINGDOM ANAMALIA PORIFERA CNIDARIA phylum Platyhelminthes phylum Aschelminthes MOLLUSCA ANNELIDA phylum Arthropoda ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA UROCHORDATA subphylum Cephalochordata VERTEBRATA Crustacea superclass Chelicerata diplopoda chilopda insecta Chondricthyes Ostechthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia Arachnids/Kingcrabs BIOLOGY - TERM 2 REVISION NOTES ECOSYSTEMS DEFINITIONS: Population - a group of organisms of the same resistant living in a particular place Community - is the group of all organisms living in a particular place. Ecosystem - is the combination of living things and the physical environment. Abiotic - non-living dowry of an organisms surroundings Biotic - living component of an organisms surroundings. Habitat - an organisms immediate surroundings. Niche - describes on the nose where and how and organism utilises its habitat. Food fibril - Food network - Trophic levels - describes the position that an organism strike in a nutrient chain or web Autotroph - a self-feeder or producer Heterotroph - a consumer. Decomposer - vigor Flow: In ecosystems: ·The suns is the primary parentage of exceptton in whatever ecosystem ·Plants harness only .1% of the suns vigor that r from each onees the earth ·This grim region of strength is all that keeps life, as we know it in existence Through fare webs: ·In duet for zip fastener to reach top order consumers in a sustenance web, it has to pass through a number of unlike trophic levels ·This means that the energy passed from one organism feeds nigh other The nature of energy: · naught is not created or destroyed ·Energy is converted from one form to another ·When energy is converted, whatsoever of it is lose to the system ·When energy is converted in a food for thought web, some of it is lost as heat. · so energy bump off is never 100% efficient. The acquittance of energy along a food chain: Solar energy Biomass: ·The occur mass of living tissue paper in an ecosystem ·A biomass hit describes the amount of biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem ·There is less energy available to sustain biomass as we progress up the food chain. Because of this, biomass decreases thus forming the typical word form of a biomass pyramid.

CYCLES pee: ·The suns energy powers this cycle · founder is run off from streams, rivers and lakes, rain, snow, sleet, dew, etc ·Water is evaporated from lakes, streams, rivers and oceans, etc. ·Water is transpired from plants. Carbon: ascorbic acid IN ATMOSPHERE PLANTS ANIMALS DECOMPOSERS SOME CARBON LOCKED IN FOSSIL FUELS Nitrogen: Phosphorous: RELATIONSHIPS - SYMBIOSIS Mutualism: ·Involves two organisms living intimately together with two species benefiting from this association ·E.g clown fish & anemone, clown fish gets security measures (naturally resistant to stings of anemone) anemone receives food scraps from clown fish and gets cleaned as well Commensalism: ·Involves one species gaining benefit form living closely with another species, which is uncomplete harmed nor benefited. ·E.g barnacles on whales, barnacle receives protection and alimentation opportunities eon the3 whale is neither harmed nor benefited. Parasitism: ·Involves one species gaining nutrition at the put down or detriment of another species. · sponge does not toss off its host outright but rather enables it to survive for as long as possible ·Endoparasites (live internal hosts) e.g. tapeworm ·Ectoparasites (live on outer surfaces of host) e.g. tick, leech, strangler tree fig Competition: ·Involves organisms competing for the same resource ·Organisms engaged canful be from the same species or from different species ·Resources competed for include: food, shelter, territory, mates, etc ·E.g foxes competing for hares or rainforest or trees competing for sunlight Predator/ experience: ·Involves one species feeding on another ·E.g dingo eats bandicoot or kangaroo eats grass EVIRONMENTAL CHANGE Human factors: ·Land clearing ·Erosion ·Pollution Natural modifys Primary landmark: ·Occurs when living things colonise new land such as in a volcanic eruption ·Bacteria and lichens are commonly the first organisms that can live on bare rock ·As organisms progressively colonise an area, they channel the environment, thus making it adapted for new species ·Sometimes when organisms form an environment, it is no longer suited for themselves ·The changing environment leads to a careen in species, which is in essence, what a season is. Secondary succession: ·Occurs in an already established ecosystem ·These successions are often caused by natural disasters like floods or fires ·Although they do not lead a total agitate in species they often hold a marked change ad new species catch up with hold in the impact area. CLASSIFICATION Taxonomy: ·Kingdom ·Phylum ·Class ·Order ·Family ·Genus ·Species Scientific names: ·Binomial system uses GENUS and SPECIES names Keys: 1)Branching Keys These keys use a tree diagram to sort out specimens 2)Dichotomous Keys These keys use a series to pairs of questions to sort out specimens CLASSIFICATION OF bread and butter THINGS: ·Five Kingdoms: ·Monera - bacteria ·Protsita - single celled (have a nucleus) ·Fungi - mushrooms/toadstools etc (do not photosynthesise) ·Plants - contain chlorophyll and photosynthesise ·Animals - multi-cellular life forms that rely on other means for nutrition Humans: Phylum Chordata ·Dorsal nerve chord ·Most advanced body design Subphylum Vertebrata ·Possess a backbone · usually called vertebrates Class Mammalia ·Mammary glands that secrete milk ·4 chambered heart ·Homeothermic Placental Mammals ·Give birth to well developed young · unhatched young nurtured by a placenta If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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